BNC New York — histoire et activités

La National Bank of Commerce in New York, souvent désignée par l'acronyme BNC (Bank of Commerce / National Bank of Commerce), a joué un rôle majeur dans l'histoire bancaire américaine du XIXe et du XXe siècle. Fondée en 1839 sous le nom de Bank of Commerce, elle deviendra plus tard la National Bank of Commerce of New York et fera l'objet de fusions successives qui la relient aux grandes institutions financières contemporaines.

Origines et création (1839)

On January 1, 1839, the articles of association established the Bank of Commerce. Before it opened to receive deposits on April 3, 1839, in the basement of the Merchants' Exchange, it had already subscribed $500,000 of its capital to a New York State loan for widening and deepening the Erie Canal. The original authorized capital of the bank was $5,000,000, of which $1,505,000 was taken up by the founders with the remainder publicly offered. The first annual meeting was in May 1839 and was held by 565 stockholders.

The original directors of the bank were: James Brown, Isaac Carow, James Donaldson, Archibald Gracie, James Kent, Robert B. Minturn, Russell H. Nevins, Pelatiah Perit, John Rathbone Jr., Robert Ray, Samuel B. Ruggles, Charles H.

Développement et position dominante

At the time of the National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864, the Bank of Commerce was the largest bank in the country. Charles Handy Russell, a dry goods merchant with Charles H. Russell & Co., succeeded Stevens as president in 1865 when the bank was converted to the National Bank of Commerce of New York. In 1859, Robert Lenox Kennedy was elected a director and, in 1868, he began serving as the bank's fourth president. He retired from the presidency in 1878 but remained involved as vice-president of the Bank under his successor Henry F.

Consolidations et acquisitions (fin XIXe - début XXe)

In 1900, the bank acquired the National Union Bank of New York which had been founded in 1893 by the directors of the New York Guaranty and Indemnity Company and its successor, the Guaranty Trust, and was associated with the Mutual Life Insurance Company (Mutual Life's president, Richard A. McCurdy, was a director of National Union). Joseph C. Representative from New York, was the president of National Union from its formation until its merger into the Bank of Commerce. Hendrix became president of the combined entity and J. The combined entity had capital of $10,000,000, which was the capital of the Bank of Commerce in 1877 prior to its reduction to $5,000,000.

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In October 1903, the bank acquired the Western National Bank of the United States which had been founded in 1887. The Western National Bank of the United States was itself the result of a merger in early 1903 of the larger Western National Bank of New York (which was closely associated with the Equitable Life Assurance Society) and the smaller National Bank of the United States in New York (which was closely associated with the Mutual Life Insurance Company and the Morton Trust Company). Western National's president, Valentine P. Snyder, was chosen as the head of the new institution with J.

"The interesting details of the physical transfer were taken up on Monday, the day when officially the merger was to have effect. They involved carrying some $16,000,000 of cash, of which $12,000,000 was in gold and $67,000,000 of securities in bags and boxes from the Western National Bank Building, on the northwest corner of Nassau and Pine Streets, to the building of the National Bank of Commerce, correspondingly situated at Nassau and Cedar Streets."

Direction et personnalités clés

In 1911, James S. Alexander, became president of the bank following the April 1, 1911 retirement of Snyder. At the same time, Paul Warburg was elected to succeed Jacob H. Schiff as a director of the bank. In 1923, Alexander became chairman of the board of directors, and Stevenson E.

Before the merger, the Bank of Commerce directors were J. Pierpont Morgan, John Claflin, George G. Haven, Joseph C. Hendrix, James N. Jarvie, Augustus D. Juilliard, John Stewart Kennedy, Woodbury Langdon, Charles D. Lanier, Alexander E. Orr, Charles H. Russell, and Frederick Sturges. The directors of the National Union Bank of New York were Samuel D. Babcock, John D. Crimmins, Frederic Cromwell, George G. Haven, R. Somers Hayes, Joseph C. Hendrix, Augustus D. Juilliard, Daniel S. Lamont, Richard A. McCurdy, F. P. Olcott, Henry H. Rogers, Hamilton McKown Twombly, and William C.

La grande fusion de 1929 et devenir

In 1929, the bank merged into the $2,000,000,000 Guaranty Trust Company of New York after a consolidation between the Guaranty Trust Company and the National Bank of Commerce of New York. The new entity, which was brought together through the efforts of Myron C. Steel), became the largest bank in the country with Guaranty bringing the largest trust business in the country and Commerce bringing its large commercial banking business. Before the merger could be completed, the Bank of Commerce had to give up its national charter and become a state bank. The combined entity with capital of $184,000,000 became operating in May 1929. William C. Potter, president of the Guaranty Trust Co. became president of the combined institution. James S.

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In 1959, Guaranty Trust merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. Although Guaranty Trust was nearly four times the size of Morgan, the Morgan executives took over management of the combined entity Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York. Ten years after the merger, Morgan Guaranty established a bank holding company called J.P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, but continued to operate as Morgan Guaranty through the 1980s before beginning to migrate back to use of the J.P. Morgan brand. In 1988, the company once again began operating exclusively as J.P. Morgan & Co.

Activités et rôle économique

The National Bank of Commerce brought to its consolidations a large commercial banking business and, au fil du temps, s'est rapprochée d'autres institutions puissantes en matière de gestion de patrimoine et d'activités fiduciaires. The combined entity in 1929 was described as the largest bank in the country, reflecting the importance des activités bancaires commerciales et des services de trust que réunissait la fusion. The bank avait historiquement joué un rôle de premier plan dans le financement du commerce et des infrastructures, comme en témoigne son abonnement dès 1839 à un emprunt d'État pour l'approfondissement et l'élargissement du canal Érié.

Rôle international et comparaisons

Le parcours du National Bank of Commerce trouve des points de comparaison avec l'histoire d'autres banques européennes et internationales qui ont cherché à s'implanter sur les places étrangères pour accompagner le commerce de leurs clients. Par analogie, des institutions comme le Comptoir national d’escompte de Paris (CNEP) ont développé des agences à l'étranger (San Francisco, Chicago, New York) pour suivre leurs clients et capter les flux commerciaux mondiaux; ainsi le CNEP crée la French American Banking Corporation (FABC) à New York en 1919 en association avec des banques américaines.

Faits marquants et dates clés

• 1er janvier 1839 - Articles of association establishing the Bank of Commerce.
• 3 avril 1839 - Ouverture pour recevoir des dépôts, dans le sous-sol du Merchants' Exchange.
• 1863-1864 - Au moment des National Banking Acts, la Bank of Commerce est la plus grande banque du pays.
• 1900 - Acquisition du National Union Bank of New York.
• 1903 - Acquisition du Western National Bank of the United States.
• 1911 - James S. Alexander devient président.
• 1929 - Fusion avec Guaranty Trust Company of New York; la nouvelle entité devient l'une des plus grandes banques américaines.
• 1959 - Guaranty Trust fusionne avec J.P. Morgan & Co., amorçant la lignée qui mènera à JPMorgan Chase.

Impact architectural et implantation urbaine

Comme beaucoup de grandes banques du XIXe et du XXe siècle, la Bank of Commerce et ses successeurs occupaient des emplacements centraux du quartier financier de Manhattan et ont été impliqués dans des mouvements de consolidation immobilière (transfert massif de liquidités et de valeurs, déménagements entre imposants bâtiments bancaires). Les opérations de transfert physique évoquées lors des fusions (transport de millions en or et en titres entre bâtiments au coin de Nassau et Pine vers Nassau et Cedar) illustrent l'importance des implantations physiques et de la sécurité des bâtiments bancaires de l'époque.

Administration, gouvernance et acteurs influents

Parmi les personnalités qui ont marqué l'histoire de la banque figurent des présidents et administrateurs de premier plan du monde des affaires new-yorkais: Charles Handy Russell, Robert Lenox Kennedy, James S. Alexander, et des administrateurs de la stature de J. Pierpont Morgan, Augustus D. Juilliard ou Henry H. Rogers. Ces hommes reflètent l'interdépendance entre grandes compagnies d'assurance, maisons de négoce et banques commerciales à la tête de la finance américaine.

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Héritage et filiation jusqu'à aujourd'hui

La succession d'opérations aboutit à l'intégration dans des groupes qui ont évolué pour devenir les géants bancaires modernes: la fusion de 1929 a rapproché le National Bank of Commerce et Guaranty Trust, puis l'histoire conduit par étapes à Morgan Guaranty Trust et finalement à J.P. Morgan & Co., aujourd'hui partie intégrante de JPMorgan Chase. Ainsi, le patrimoine institutionnel, financier et opérationnel de la BNC est une des briques historiques des grandes banques contemporaines.

Tableau récapitulatif des étapes principales

La trajectoire de la BNC montre comment, au fil d'acquisitions et de fusions, des institutions nées au XIXe siècle se sont intégrées aux conglomérats financiers du XXe siècle, contribuant à la configuration contemporaine du secteur bancaire américain.

balises:

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